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{{Infobox Automobile engine| image = | name = E-motor| aka =| manufacturer =
Volkswagen| bore = 75 [millimeter| stroke = 64
millimeter| displacement = | length =| diameter =| width =| height =| weight =| block =| head = Aluminum| supercharger =| turbocharger =| fuelsystem = [Naturally-aspirated engine| fueltype =| oilsystem =| coolingsystem =
Air-cooled engine| power = @ 3300
Revolutions per minute| specpower = 17
kilowatt/
Litre| torque = @ 2000 Revolutions per minute| compression = 5.8:1| fuelcon =| specfuelcon =| oilcon =| power/weight =-->
The
Volkswagen air cooled engine is one of the most widely used and versatile
internal combustion engines in the world. Variations of this engine were produced by
Volkswagen plants around the world from 1936 until 2006.
History
Development
Cast iron cylinders, forged crankshaft and connecting rods, and cast aluminum heads and pistons were hallmarks of the design.
"Type 1"
{{Infobox Automobile engine generation| image =| name = Type 1| aka =| type =
Flat-4 / [Magnesium found in the Type 1. While the [long block remained the same as the Type 1, the engine cooling was drastically changed to allow for a much lower engine profile. This resulted in increased area for cargo stowage with the so-called "Pancake" or "Suitcase" engine. This engine's displacement would later increase to 1600cc.
Originally a single- or dual-carburetted 1.5 L engine, (1500 N, 45 hp or 1500S, 54 hp) the Type 3 engine got a larger displacement (1.6l 1600 cc) and modified in 1968 to include
Robert Bosch GmbH Jetronic electronic fuel injection as an option, making it one of the first mass production consumer cars with such a feature (the first was the
Volkswagen Type 4).
"1100"
"1200"
{{Infobox Automobile engine generation| image =| name = 1200| aka =| type =| production = 1953 -
1965| predecessor = 1100| successor = 1300| bore = | stroke = | displacement = | length =| diameter =| width =| height =| weight =| block =| head =| valvetrain =| supercharger =| turbocharger =| fuelsystem =| fueltype =| oilsystem =| coolingsystem =| power = - | specpower =| torque =| compression = 6.1:1 - 7.0:1| fuelcon =| specfuelcon =| oilcon =| similar =-->
"1300"
"1500"
"1600"
"Single Port"
In the US, the 1600 single port was used on the following models:
"Dual Port"
In the US, the 1600 dual port was used on the following models:
"Type 4"
{{Infobox Automobile engine generation| image =| name = Type 4| aka =| type =
flat-4 - [1983| bore =| stroke =| displacement =| length =| diameter =| width =| height =| weight =| block =| head =| valvetrain =| supercharger =| turbocharger =| fuelsystem =| fueltype =| oilsystem =| coolingsystem =| power =| specpower =| torque =| compression =| fuelcon =| specfuelcon =| oilcon =| similar =-->
In 1968, Volkswagen introduced a new vehicle, the [Volkswagen Type 4. The model 411, and later the model 412, offered many new features to the Volkswagen lineup.
While the Type 4 was discontinued in 1974 when sales dropped, its engine became the power plant for Volkswagen Type 2s ("Kombis") produced from 1972 to 1979: it continued in modified form in the later "Vanagon" which was air-cooled from 1980 until mid-1983. The engine that superseded the Type 4 engine in late 1983 retained Volkswagen Type 1 architecture, yet featured water-cooled cylinder heads and cylinder jackets. The Wasserboxer, VW speak for a water-cooled, opposed-cylinder (flat or
boxer engine), did not enjoy the reputation for longevity that the original air-cooled design had forged. From the very start, the engine suffered cylinder-to-head sealing problems, mostly due to
galvanic corrosion, often a result of slack maintenance schedules. Volkswagen discontinued the engine in 1992, upon the introduction of the Eurovan.
The Type 4 engine was also used on the Volkswagen version of the
Porsche 914. Volkswagen versions originally came with an 80 hp fuel-injected 1.7 L flat-4 engine based on the Volkswagen air cooled engine. In Europe, the four-cylinder cars were sold as Volkswagen-Porsches, at VW dealerships. This "tainted" the car in the opinion of many automotive critics of that era, and a little of that attitude persists to this day.
Slow sales and rising costs prompted Porsche to discontinue the 914/6 variant in 1972 after producing 3,351 of them; its place in the lineup was filled by a variant powered by a new 95 HP 2.0 L, fuel-injected version of Volkswagen's Type 4 engine in 1973. For 1974, the 1.7 L engine was replaced by a 76HP 1.8 L, and the new Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection system was added to American units to help with emissions control. 914 production ended in 1976. The 2.0 L engine continued to be used in the
Porsche 912, which provided an entry-level model until the
Porsche 924 was introduced.
For the Volkswagen Type 2, 1972's most prominent change was a bigger engine compartment to fit the larger 1.7 to 2.0 L engines from the VW Type 4, and a redesigned rear end which eliminated the removable rear apron. The air inlets were also enlarged to accommodate the increased cooling air needs of the larger engines.
This all-new, larger engine is commonly called the Type 4 engine as opposed to the previous Type 1 engine first introduced in the Type 1 Beetle. This engine was called "Type 4" because it was originally designed for the Type 4 (411 and 412) automobiles. There is no "Type 2 engine" or "Type 3 engine", because those vehicles did not feature new engine designs when introduced. They used the "Type 1" engine from the Beetle with minor modifications such as rear mount provisions and different cooling shroud arrangements.
In the Type 2, the VW Type 4 engine was an option for the 1972 model year onward. This engine was standard in models destined for the US and Canada. Only with the Type 4 engine did an automatic transmission become available for the first time in the 1973 model year. Both engines displaced 1.7 L, rated at 66 DIN hp (49 kW) with the manual transmission and 62 DIN hp (46 kW) with the automatic. The Type 4 engine was enlarged to 1.8 L and 68 DIN hp (50 kW) for the 1974 model year and again to 2.0 L and 70 DIN hp (52 kW) for the 1976 model year. As with all Transporter engines, the focus in development was not on power, but on low-end torque. The Type 4 engines were considerably more robust and durable than the Type 1 engines, particularly in transporter service.
The T2c, so called since it got a slightly raised roof — by about 10 cm — in the early 1990s, was built for the South American and Central American markets. The T2c was produced in Mexico until 1991* with the 1.6 L air-cooled Type 1 engine, and from 1991 until 1996 with water-cooled engines from the VW Golf (a VW/Audi 1.4L). Since 1997, the T2c has been built in Brazil with air-cooled engines for the Brazilian market and with water-cooled engines for the Mexican market, the latter easily identified by their large, black-coloured, front-mounted radiators. 1
Since production of the original Beetle was halted in late 2003, the T2 remained the only Volkswagen model with the traditional air-cooled, rear-mounted boxer engine when the Brazilian model shifted to water-cooled on December 23, 2005. Previously, the watercooled T2c was sold in Mexico between 1991-2002.
1.7 L
{{Infobox Automobile engine generation| image =| name = 1700| aka =| type =| production =| predecessor =| successor =| bore =| stroke =| displacement = | length =| diameter =| width =| height =| weight =| block =| head =| valvetrain =| supercharger =| turbocharger =| fuelsystem =| fueltype =| oilsystem =| coolingsystem =| power = @ 5000
Revolutions per minute| specpower =| torque = @ 3500 Revolutions per minute| compression = 7.8:1| fuelcon =| specfuelcon =| oilcon =| similar =-->
1.8 L
2.0 L
Usage
The aircooled 4-cylinder opposed cylinder Beetle engines have been used for other purposes as well. Especially interesting is its use as an experimental aircraft engine. This type of Beetle engine deployment started in the sixties. A number of companies still produce aero engines that are VW Beetle engine derivatives: Limbach, Hapi, Revmaster and others. Kitplanes or plans built experimental aircraft were specifically designed to utilize these engines.
Up until 2001, Beetle engines were also used to run several of the ski lifts at the Thredbo ski resort in NSW, Australia, and were maintained to a high standard by expert VW mechanics.
Also in Australia, in remote opal-mining communities VW motors were modified to air compressors for jack hammers etc. They used 2 cylinders on one side as a motor and modified the head on the other side to produce a flow of compressed air. The opal fields are very dry and hot, so an air-cooled compressor has an advantage over liquid cooled.
Aircraft
Sonerai one and two Formula-Vee racing
Hovercraft
Airboats
Industrial
References
- Aeroengine Conversions from VWiki
-
{{Infobox Automobile engine| image = | name = E-motor| aka =| manufacturer = Volkswagen| bore = 75 [millimeter| stroke = 64
millimeter| displacement = | length =| diameter =| width =| height =| weight =| block =| head = Aluminum| supercharger =| turbocharger =| fuelsystem = [Naturally-aspirated engine| fueltype =| oilsystem =| coolingsystem =
Air-cooled engine| power = @ 3300 Revolutions per minute| specpower = 17
kilowatt/Litre| torque = @ 2000 Revolutions per minute| compression = 5.8:1| fuelcon =| specfuelcon =| oilcon =| power/weight =-->
The
Volkswagen air cooled engine is one of the most widely used and versatile
internal combustion engines in the world. Variations of this engine were produced by
Volkswagen plants around the world from 1936 until 2006.
History
Development
Cast iron cylinders, forged crankshaft and connecting rods, and cast aluminum heads and pistons were hallmarks of the design.
"Type 1"
{{Infobox Automobile engine generation| image =| name = Type 1| aka =| type =
Flat-4 / [Magnesium found in the Type 1. While the [long block remained the same as the Type 1, the engine cooling was drastically changed to allow for a much lower engine profile. This resulted in increased area for cargo stowage with the so-called "Pancake" or "Suitcase" engine. This engine's displacement would later increase to 1600cc.
Originally a single- or dual-carburetted 1.5 L engine, (1500 N, 45 hp or 1500S, 54 hp) the Type 3 engine got a larger displacement (1.6l 1600 cc) and modified in 1968 to include
Robert Bosch GmbH Jetronic electronic fuel injection as an option, making it one of the first mass production consumer cars with such a feature (the first was the
Volkswagen Type 4).
"1100"
"1200"
{{Infobox Automobile engine generation| image =| name = 1200| aka =| type =| production =
1953 - 1965| predecessor = 1100| successor = 1300| bore = | stroke = | displacement = | length =| diameter =| width =| height =| weight =| block =| head =| valvetrain =| supercharger =| turbocharger =| fuelsystem =| fueltype =| oilsystem =| coolingsystem =| power = - | specpower =| torque =| compression = 6.1:1 - 7.0:1| fuelcon =| specfuelcon =| oilcon =| similar =-->
"1300"
"1500"
"1600"
"Single Port"
In the US, the 1600 single port was used on the following models:
"Dual Port"
In the US, the 1600 dual port was used on the following models:
"Type 4"
{{Infobox Automobile engine generation| image =| name = Type 4| aka =| type = flat-4 - [1983| bore =| stroke =| displacement =| length =| diameter =| width =| height =| weight =| block =| head =| valvetrain =| supercharger =| turbocharger =| fuelsystem =| fueltype =| oilsystem =| coolingsystem =| power =| specpower =| torque =| compression =| fuelcon =| specfuelcon =| oilcon =| similar =-->
In 1968, Volkswagen introduced a new vehicle, the [Volkswagen Type 4. The model 411, and later the model 412, offered many new features to the Volkswagen lineup.
While the Type 4 was discontinued in 1974 when sales dropped, its engine became the power plant for Volkswagen Type 2s ("Kombis") produced from 1972 to 1979: it continued in modified form in the later "Vanagon" which was air-cooled from 1980 until mid-1983. The engine that superseded the Type 4 engine in late 1983 retained Volkswagen Type 1 architecture, yet featured water-cooled cylinder heads and cylinder jackets. The
Wasserboxer, VW speak for a water-cooled, opposed-cylinder (flat or boxer engine), did not enjoy the reputation for longevity that the original air-cooled design had forged. From the very start, the engine suffered cylinder-to-head sealing problems, mostly due to
galvanic corrosion, often a result of slack maintenance schedules. Volkswagen discontinued the engine in 1992, upon the introduction of the Eurovan.
The Type 4 engine was also used on the Volkswagen version of the
Porsche 914. Volkswagen versions originally came with an 80 hp fuel-injected 1.7 L flat-4 engine based on the Volkswagen air cooled engine. In Europe, the four-cylinder cars were sold as Volkswagen-Porsches, at VW dealerships. This "tainted" the car in the opinion of many automotive critics of that era, and a little of that attitude persists to this day.
Slow sales and rising costs prompted Porsche to discontinue the 914/6 variant in 1972 after producing 3,351 of them; its place in the lineup was filled by a variant powered by a new 95 HP 2.0 L, fuel-injected version of Volkswagen's Type 4 engine in 1973. For 1974, the 1.7 L engine was replaced by a 76HP 1.8 L, and the new Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection system was added to American units to help with emissions control. 914 production ended in 1976. The 2.0 L engine continued to be used in the Porsche 912, which provided an entry-level model until the Porsche 924 was introduced.
For the
Volkswagen Type 2, 1972's most prominent change was a bigger engine compartment to fit the larger 1.7 to 2.0 L engines from the VW Type 4, and a redesigned rear end which eliminated the removable rear apron. The air inlets were also enlarged to accommodate the increased cooling air needs of the larger engines.
This all-new, larger engine is commonly called the Type 4 engine as opposed to the previous Type 1 engine first introduced in the Type 1 Beetle. This engine was called "Type 4" because it was originally designed for the Type 4 (411 and 412) automobiles. There is no "Type 2 engine" or "Type 3 engine", because those vehicles did not feature new engine designs when introduced. They used the "Type 1" engine from the Beetle with minor modifications such as rear mount provisions and different cooling shroud arrangements.
In the Type 2, the VW Type 4 engine was an option for the 1972 model year onward. This engine was standard in models destined for the US and Canada. Only with the Type 4 engine did an automatic transmission become available for the first time in the 1973 model year. Both engines displaced 1.7 L, rated at 66 DIN hp (49 kW) with the manual transmission and 62 DIN hp (46 kW) with the automatic. The Type 4 engine was enlarged to 1.8 L and 68 DIN hp (50 kW) for the 1974 model year and again to 2.0 L and 70 DIN hp (52 kW) for the 1976 model year. As with all Transporter engines, the focus in development was not on power, but on low-end torque. The Type 4 engines were considerably more robust and durable than the Type 1 engines, particularly in transporter service.
The T2c, so called since it got a slightly raised roof — by about 10 cm — in the early 1990s, was built for the South American and Central American markets. The T2c was produced in Mexico until 1991* with the 1.6 L air-cooled Type 1 engine, and from 1991 until 1996 with water-cooled engines from the VW Golf (a VW/Audi 1.4L). Since 1997, the T2c has been built in Brazil with air-cooled engines for the Brazilian market and with water-cooled engines for the Mexican market, the latter easily identified by their large, black-coloured, front-mounted radiators. 1
Since production of the original Beetle was halted in late 2003, the T2 remained the only Volkswagen model with the traditional air-cooled, rear-mounted boxer engine when the Brazilian model shifted to water-cooled on December 23, 2005. Previously, the watercooled T2c was sold in Mexico between 1991-2002.
1.7 L
{{Infobox Automobile engine generation| image =| name = 1700| aka =| type =| production =| predecessor =| successor =| bore =| stroke =| displacement = | length =| diameter =| width =| height =| weight =| block =| head =| valvetrain =| supercharger =| turbocharger =| fuelsystem =| fueltype =| oilsystem =| coolingsystem =| power = @ 5000 Revolutions per minute| specpower =| torque = @ 3500
Revolutions per minute| compression = 7.8:1| fuelcon =| specfuelcon =| oilcon =| similar =-->
1.8 L
2.0 L
Usage
The aircooled 4-cylinder opposed cylinder Beetle engines have been used for other purposes as well. Especially interesting is its use as an experimental aircraft engine. This type of Beetle engine deployment started in the sixties. A number of companies still produce aero engines that are VW Beetle engine derivatives: Limbach, Hapi, Revmaster and others. Kitplanes or plans built experimental aircraft were specifically designed to utilize these engines.
Up until 2001, Beetle engines were also used to run several of the ski lifts at the Thredbo ski resort in NSW, Australia, and were maintained to a high standard by expert VW mechanics.
Also in Australia, in remote opal-mining communities VW motors were modified to air compressors for jack hammers etc. They used 2 cylinders on one side as a motor and modified the head on the other side to produce a flow of compressed air. The opal fields are very dry and hot, so an air-cooled compressor has an advantage over liquid cooled.
Aircraft
Sonerai one and two Formula-Vee racing
Hovercraft
Airboats
Industrial
References
- Aeroengine Conversions from VWiki
-
